The prefectures of Japan are the country's 47 sub-national jurisdictions: one "metropolis" (都 to), Tokyo; one "circuit" (道 dō), Hokkaidō; two urban prefectures (府 fu), Osaka and Kyoto; and 43 other prefectures (県 ken). In Japanese, they are commonly referred to as todōfuken (都道府県). Prefectures are governmental bodies larger than cities, towns, and villages. Each prefecture is lead by a directly elected governor and a single-chamber parliament.

The current system was established by the Meiji government in July 1871 with the abolition of the han system and establishment of the prefecture system (廃藩置県 haihan-chiken). Although there were initially over 300 prefectures, many of them being former han territories, this number was reduced to 72 in the latter part of 1871, and 47 in 1888. The Local Autonomy Law of 1947 gave more political power to prefectures, and installed prefectural governors and parliaments.

In 2003, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi proposed that the government consolidate the current prefectures into about 10 regional states. The plan called for each region to have greater autonomy than existing prefectures.

Under the current Local Autonomy Law, each prefecture is further subdivided into cities (市 shi) and counties (郡 gun). Each county is further subdivided into towns (町 chō or machi) and villages (村 son or mura). Hokkaido has 14 subprefectures and that acts as branch offices (支庁 shichō) of the prefecture. Some other prefectures also have branch offices, which carry out prefectural administrative functions outside the capital.

1. Hokkaido 2. Aomori 3. Iwate 4. Miyagi 5. Akita 6. Yamagata 7. Fukushima 8. Ibaraki 9. Tochigi 10. Gunma 11. Saitama 12. Chiba 13. Tokyo 14. Kanagawa 15. Niigata 16. Toyama 17. Ishikawa 18. Fukui 19. Yamanashi 20. Nagano 21. Gifu 22. Shizuoka 23. Aichi 24. Mie 25. Shiga 26. Kyoto 27. Osaka 28. Hyogo 29. Nara 30. Wakayama 31. Tottori 32. Shimane 33. Okayama 34. Hiroshima 35. Yamaguchi 36. Tokushima 37. Kagawa 38. Ehime 39. Kochi 40. Fukuoka 41. Saga 42. Nagasaki 43. Kumamoto 44. Oita 45. Miyazaki 46. Kagoshima 47. Okinawa